The Potential Clinical Uses and Nanoformulation Strategies of Kaempferol, a Dietary Flavonoid

This review aims to provide a brief introduction to kaempferol with respect to its various therapeutic properties such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. It also intends to review the various possible nanoformulations that can be designed for the targeted delivery of kaempferol to various tissues. Nanoformulation has been employed to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble and bioavailable phytochemicals like kaempferol. The various nanoformulation methods employed to effectively deliver kaempferol are nanoemulsions, nanomatrixes, nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, gold nanoparticles, nanocomplexes, and other magnetic nanoparticles. In this review article, it is emphasised that kaempferol has multiple therapeutic properties that target a diverse number of diseases and exhibit a specific mechanism of action for each target. The various nanoformulations of kaempferol were significantly better than the free kaempferol drug delivery system. They were better absorbed into the body, showed better target delivery, and had an improved bioavailability. Nanoformulated kaempferol had a better therapeutic action against certain cancer cell lines and several diseases which it aimed to target. It was realised that kaempferol can be further explored as a potential drug for treatment purposes for several chronic diseases. Therapeutic action against different ailments makes it a versatile phytochemical drug. To further increase its potential to be used in the field of medicine, kaempferol can be nanoformulated in ways such as a nanoemulsion and nanocomplex, among the most important approaches. Thus, the prospects and the possible effective drug delivery for kaempferol are discussed and emphasised here.