Advanced strategies of the in-vivo plant hormone detection

In vivo plant hormonal detection methods are the strategies executed on living organisms while not taking out the samples from the body. Modern methods like spectroscopy, biosensors, and electrochemical sensors have increased the quality and sensitivity of the detection and decreased the cumbersome, time, and solvent-consuming preparational efforts of traditional methods. Preparational efforts generally consisted of several samplings, extraction, purification, and enrichment steps to analyze plant hormones. Concentrations and levels of plant hormones change concerning biotic and abiotic stresses that plant faces. Spectroscopy, biosensors, and electrochemical sensors detect different plant hormones with specific accuracy and desired results, but their handling and sample preparations are challenging. At the same time, advanced ultrasensitive nondestructive methods are biocompatible and can be used for a lifetime with excellent stretchability performance. In modern science, portable, wearable, and nondestructive measurement is the trend of plant sensors that can make the "Internet of Plants" concept a reality. This review covers the significant aspects of numerous applications, advantages, and disadvantages of spectroscopy, biosensors, electrochemical sensors, and new ultrasensitive nondestructive devices to measure in vivo plant hormones. The summary of the advanced ultrasensitive plant devices, their challenges, and future prospects within the fields for in vivo plant hormone detections is presented. Furthermore, it can guide researchers to design new experiments using ultrasensitive nondestructive sensing devices for detecting in vivo plant hormones.