Toward High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells: The Importance of Morphology Control

Polymer solar cells have the potential to become a major electrical power generating tool in the 21st century. R&D endeavors are focusing on continuous roll-to-roll printing of polymeric or organic compounds from solutionslike newspaperssto produce flexible and lightweight devices at low cost. It is recognized, though, that besides the functional properties of the compounds the organization of structures on the nanometer levels forced and controlled mainly by the processing conditions appliedsdetermines the performance of state-of-theart polymer solar cells. In such devices the photoactive layer is composed of at least two functional materials that form nanoscale interpenetrating phases with specific functionalities, a so-called bulk heterojunction. In this perspective article, our current knowledge on the main factors determining the morphology formation and evolution is introduced, and gaps of our understanding on nanoscale structure-property relations in the field of highperformance polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, promising routes toward formation of tailored morphologies are presented.