3D-Printing: Applications in Cardiovascular Imaging

The current state of three-dimensional (3D)printing for cardiovascular applications will be reviewed in this article with a special emphasis placed on recent updates on the use of 3D printing. Cardiovascular imaging has been shown to be beneficial for planning congenital heart, valvular and other structural heart, and vascular disease treatments. 3D printing has seen increased use for education, including procedural simulation which may fundamentally change how proceduralists are trained in the future. 3D bioprinting is an emerging field of 3D printing that has the potential to revolutionize therapy, although additional development is needed to fully reach this potential. Finally, because of the increased use of 3D printing, there is an increased emphasis on regulation and quality. Cardiovascular 3D printing has undergone rapid growth in the past several years and has influenced current cardiovascular therapy and, with future advancements, will aid in further improving therapies.