Review of the biology, uses and conservation of the critically endangered endemic Himalayan species Nardostachys jatamansi (Caprifoliaceae)

The commercial demand for Nardostachys jatamansi in the global market has raised concern about its long-term sustainability. The genus Nardostachys is represented by the single species (Nardostachys jatamansi)endemic to the Himalayas. This study reviews biology, uses, threats, knowledge gaps, and conservation concerns, and offers suggestions for its sustainable utilization. Findings indicate that only limited data are available on the biology of the species, principally on population distribution and size, reproductive biology, and ecological niche models. The uses of the species are well documented in traditional as well as modern medicine systems. Overharvesting from the wild to meet global demand is a major threat to existing populations. Several other characteristics, such as the species' slow growing nature, preference for specific habitat, low population density, and poorly developed ex situ propagation protocols, pose threats to its survival in the foreseeable future. Sustainable utilization and effective conservation measures are urgently needed for both the species' survival and to ensure it continues to provide community income in the Himalayas.