CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing through in planta transformation.

In this review, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 plant genome editing using alternative transformation methods is discussed. Genome editing by the CRISPR/Cas9 system is usually implemented via the generation of transgenic plants carrying Cas9 and sgRNA genes in the genome. Transgenic plants are usually developed by in vitro regeneration from single transformed cells, which requires using different in vitro culture-based methods. Despite their common application, these methods have some disadvantages and limitations. Thus, some methods of plant transformation that do not depend on in vitro regeneration have been developed. These methods are known as "in planta" transformation. The main focus of this review is the so-called floral dip in planta transformation method, although other approaches are also described. The main features of in planta transformation in the context of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing are discussed. Furthermore, multiple ways to increase the effectiveness of this approach and to broaden its use in different plant species are considered.