2D nanomaterials in 3D/4D.printed biomedical devices

Two-dimensional materials are becoming a new sensation in the chemical, electrical, energy storage, and biomedical industries. Since the invention of graphene, scientists worldwide have been attempting to explore novel 2D materials. High surface-to-volume ratio, lightweight, anisotropy, and multi-functionality are some special features of these 2D materials. Such characteristics can be merged with the fabrication flexibility of 3D printing to develop complex structures including shape, size, and functionality. These complex 3D-printed 2D materials can be used in novel biomedical applications, including the advancement of targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy, tissue engineering, and biosensors. This review article focuses on the recent development of 3D/4D printed complex structures from 2D nanomaterials in biomedical applications. We have assessed the concept of hybridization of existing 2D nanomaterials and discussed the significance of computational modeling in 2D nanomaterials. Current trends, challenges, and prospects of 3D/4D-printed 2D nanomaterials in the biomedical field are also delineated.