Advancements in plant transformation: from traditional methods to cutting‑edge techniques and emerging model species

Artículo

The ability to efciently genetically modify plant species is crucial, driving the need for innovative technologies in plant biotechnology. Existing plant genetic transformation systems include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistics, protoplast-based methods, and nanoparticle techniques. Despite these diverse methods, many species exhibit resistance to transformation, limiting the applicability of most published methods to specifc species or genotypes. Tissue culture remains a signifcant barrier for most species, although other barriers exist. These include the infection and regeneration stages in Agrobacterium, cell death and genomic instability in biolistics, the creation and regeneration of protoplasts for protoplastbased methods, and the difculty of achieving stable transformation with nanoparticles. To develop species-independent transformation methods, it is essential to address these transformation bottlenecks. This review examines recent advancements in plant biotechnology, highlighting both new and existing techniques that have improved the success rates of plant transformations. Additionally, several newly emerged plant model systems that have benefted from these technological advancements are also discussed.