MAPK cascades in plant defense signaling Shuqun Zhang, a and Daniel F. Klessigb 

 -  Trends in Plant Science, 6(11), p.520-527, 2001 .
<br/><br/> The Arabidopsis genome encodes ~20 different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)that are likely to be involved in growth, development and responses to endogenous and environmental cues. Several plant MAPKs are activated by a variety of stress stimuli, including pathogen infection, wounding, temperature, drought, salinity, osmolarity, UV irradiation, ozone and reactive oxygen species. Recent gain-of-function studies show that two tobacco MAPKs induce the expression of defense genes and cause cell death. By contrast, loss-of-function studies of other MAPK pathways revealed negative regulation of disease resistance. This 'push-and-pull' regulation by different MAPK pathways might provide a more precise control of plant defense responses 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE<br/>STRESS RESPONSES<br/>REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES<br/>GENE ACTIVATION<br/>HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE