TY  - BOOK
AU  - Abyar,H.
AU  - Nowrouzi,M.
AU  - Rezaei,H.
TI  - Comparative assessment of ion-exchange/reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis for seawater desalination: environmental, economic, and operational perspectives
T2  - Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(57), 65220-65232, 2024
KW  - DESALINATION
KW  - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
KW  - REVERSE OSMOSIS
KW  - ULTRAILTRATION
KW  - COST ANALYSIS
KW  - ION EXCHANGE
N1  - Artículo
N2  - The urgent need for economically viable and environmentally friendly desalination technologies to address global water scarcity is underscored. This study compares ion-exchange reverse osmosis (IX-RO) and ultrafiltration reverse osmosis (UF-RO) systems, examining their environmental impacts, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and operational stability. The IX-RO system reduced water hardness and ion concentrations by 83%, while the UF-RO system achieved over 99% removal of total dissolved solids. Energy consumption for desalinating 1 m3 of Caspian Sea water was 1.49 kWh for IX-RO and 1.3 kWh for UF-RO. UF-RO’s impact on human health, ecosystems, and resources was 1.62, 3.06, and 3.31 times greater than that of IX-RO, respectively. CO2 emissions were 192 kg CO2/m3 for UF-RO and 81.93 kg CO2/m3 for IX-RO. Over 68% of energy in both systems was from non-renewable resources, suggesting potential for utilizing Iran’s solar and wave energy. The sensitivity analysis showed that citric acid had a significant environmental impact on UF-RO, while magnesium utilization had a notable impact on IX-RO. Water production costs were
UR  - https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LUjfgZ-OjD1lO9fM5Np9WQx2F6yv0GKT/view?usp=drive_link
ER  -