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245	1	0	_aComparative virulence and competition between Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera)
490	0		_vJournal of invertebrate Pathology, 125, p.9-15, 2015
520	3		_aHoney bees (Apis mellifera)are infected by two species of microsporidia: Nosema apis and Nosemaceranae. Epidemiological evidence indicates that N. ceranae may be replacing N. apis globally in A. mellifera populations, suggesting a potential competitive advantage of N. ceranae. Mixed infections of the two species occur, and little is known about the interactions among the host and the two pathogens that have allowed N. ceranae to become dominant in most geographical areas. We demonstrated that mixed Nosema species infections negatively affected honey bee survival (median survival=15-17days)more than single species infections (median survival=21days and 20days for N. apis and N. ceranae, respectively), with median survival of control bees of 27days. We found similar rates of infection (percentage of bees with active infections after inoculation)for both species in mixed infections, with N. apis having a slightly higher rate (91 percent compared to 86 percent for N. ceranae). We observed slightly higher spore counts in bees infected with N. ceranae than in bees infected with N. apis in single microsporidia infections, especially at the midpoint of infection (day 10). Bees with mixed infections of both species had higher spore counts than bees with single infections, but spore counts in mixed infections were highly variable. We did not see a competitive advantage for N. ceranae in mixed infections; N. apis spore counts were either higher or counts were similar for both species and more N. apis spores were produced in 62 percent of bees inoculated with equal dosages of the two microsporidian species. N. ceranae does not, therefore, appear to have a strong within-host advantage for either infectivity or spore growth, suggesting that direct competition in these worker bee mid-guts is not responsible for its apparent replacement of N. apis.
650	1	4	_aCO-INFECTION
650	1	4	_aMIXED-INFECTIONS
650	1	4	_aDISEASE TRANSMISSION
650	1	4	_aINFECTIVITY
650	1	4	_aHONEY BEE
650	1	4	_aAPIS MELLIFERA
650	1	4	_aMICROSPORIDIA
650	1	4	_aMICROSPORIDIOSIS
650	1	4	_aNOSEMA APIS
650	1	4	_aNOSEMA CERANAE
700	1	2	_aMilbrath, M. O.
700	1	2	_aVan Tran, T.
700	1	2	_aHuang, W. F.
700	1	2	_aSolter, L. F.
700	1	2	_aTarpy, D. R.
700	1	2	_aLawrence, F.
700	1	2	_aHuang, Z. Y.
856	4	0	_uhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1NdVxp6L-tk8WtiUEUjxgfq-UfqwvTAh1/view?usp=drivesdk _zPara ver el documento ingresa a Google con tu cuenta: @cicy.edu.mx
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